Bypass (eng. Bypass) - a bypass path, bypass channel, bypass. Most often, this connection method is used in heating systems. Each radiator, pump or convector is installed with a bypass. This allows you to eliminate the faulty element without disrupting the circulation of the system. In electrical engineering, this term refers to a power supply path that bypasses a power supply device, in case that device fails. Appliances that are equipped with a bypass include:
- Surge Protectors;
- uninterruptible power supplies;
- frequency converters;
- soft start devices for electric motors.
Supplying voltage through an electrical bypass is an emergency situation, but it is better than a complete power outage.
Why do you need a bypass?
The bypass valve allows you to relieve strong excess pressure in the intake tract that occurs when the throttle is closed (instantly interrupting the supply of air and fuel to the combustion chamber). The turbocharger is not able to stop quickly when you take your foot off the gas pedal - it continues to pump air. If you do not relieve the pressure, the air will return to the turbine impeller, which threatens its failure over time. This phenomenon is called turbocharger surging, and in simple words they say that the turbine gets hit in the teeth. The effect is accompanied by hissing sounds.
Thus, the bypass is used to solve the problem with the return air pressure, and also allows, due to the air that is sent back to the turbine, to rotate at high speeds, eliminating the effect of “turbo lag” and failures in operation.
How to pay with a contactless card
Paying with a contactless card is in many ways easier than paying by phone or similar magnetic strip payment methods. If, when using mobile services, you need to unlock your phone and go through identification, then using a card everything is much simpler:
- Check the payment amount entered by the cashier.
- Bring the card to the terminal.
- Wait until the transaction result appears on the screen.
- Remove the card.
If the purchase amount is above 1000 rubles, you will additionally have to enter a PIN code; the card itself can already be removed.
Sberbank bracelet with NFC chip
Before choosing a payment method, you should inspect the retail outlet for the presence of a contactless terminal and stickers indicating support for PayPass.
Note! With MIR cards connected to Pay Pass, users periodically have problems with payment due to the terminal firmware.
Where is it?
Location of the bypass valve in the engine compartment (circled in red)
You need to look for a bypass near the turbine. The bypass valve is installed in that part of the intake manifold that is located after the turbine and before the throttle valve. When excess pressure arises in the intake tract, the bypass simply bleeds it off, sending it back to the intake manifold, to the area in front of the turbine. Thus, the air pressure in the intake manifold is reduced to an acceptable level.
When removed, the part has an L-shape - two air duct fittings are located perpendicularly on the cylindrical body. Additionally, at the top of the valve there is a thin outlet to create air vacuum. When the part is installed on the car, only the central cylindrical part of the body is visible, because the fittings are hidden in the air duct pipes.
Definition
PayPass is a contactless payment technology using MasterCard bank cards. To pay, simply tap your card with a microprocessor on the terminal. This is the PayPass technology. In fact, the card is a microcircuit with an antenna. In Taiwan, the USA, Spain and Turkey, the MasterCard PayPass microprocessor is built into wristwatches, mobile phones and other items that people carry with them every day.
This secure payment system allows you to make small purchases simply, quickly and securely. Now, when paying, there is no need to struggle with banknotes, swipe your card through the terminal, or sign checks. The user just needs to touch a special terminal. PayPass technology is very useful in the field of trading goods with low value and high transaction frequency. But for its widespread development in the future, it is necessary to strengthen the security of operations.
What device and operation
The bypass valve has a simple design - the body contains a spring and a rubber diaphragm. When the throttle valve is open and air is supplied, the return spring is compressed and the diaphragm closes the air flow through the valve.
When the throttle valve closes, a strong vacuum is created in the intake manifold between it and the engine, which, due to the force of the vacuum, compresses the spring and lowers the diaphragm. The air is vented. The bypass valve can be controlled in two ways, and its use will depend on the type of design.
If in the classic bypass design it is controlled directly by the vacuum force, then in more modern motors an electromagnetic valve is used. It is responsible for the forced supply of vacuum to the bypass pipe, which speeds up the operation of the system and increases its efficiency.
Design of a classic bypass valve
Bypass device with solenoid valve
An important nuance of the bypass operation is that in the closed position, the tightness of the diaphragm is also responsible for the correct operation of the pressurization system. Because if the diaphragm is leaky, then air will escape through the bypass and the car will gain speed more slowly.
By the way, in tuning versions, the rubber diaphragm is most often replaced with a metal round plate, and rubber seals are responsible for the tightness of the system.
General overview
Modern PayPass technology, developed by the Mastercard Worldwide payment system, allows you to make purchases using contactless payment and without entering a PIN. The method helps to save time on paying bills and protect the payment instrument from fraudulent activities and theft by intruders.
Mastercard PayPass was developed in the USA. In 2003, it was used to pay bills at a catering cafe. Later, the technology spread to the banking structures of Canada and Japan, and then came to Europe.
A card with the PayPass function appeared in Russia in 2008 and is available only for Mastercard payment instruments. The first product with contactless payment was launched by the Moscow Industrial Bank. It was intended for students to quickly pay for travel on public transport or meals in canteens. Later, paypass began to be used in new products by Tinkoff Bank, Alfa-Bank, Russian Standard and others.
Kinds
Bypass valves are divided into several types:
- Classic bypass, when air is sent back to the intake manifold.
It has two main advantages. First, the car operates quietly, without “squeaking” sounds, which made such a system more popular among automakers and the most widespread. Secondly, the bypass allows you to avoid overfilling the engine with excess fuel. The supply of fuel to the combustion chamber is regulated by the volume of air, which was determined by the flow meter before entering the turbine. If the air is simply vented into the atmosphere, the engine may simply stall when the gas is released. Therefore, such valves are always used in cars with mass air flow sensors. The disadvantage of such a bypass is that it cannot cope with the increase in turbine power and does not have time to remove air. Therefore, such valves are installed on most production cars equipped with standard turbines, but are not used in “charged” cars. - Blow-off valve (pressure relief valve) - bleeds air into the atmosphere. Most often installed on sports and tuned cars. Used in conjunction with an absolute air pressure sensor to measure the volume of air being bleed. Some specialized manufacturers offer blow-off valves with customized sound effects for those who like to customize their car.
- Hybrid versions. Some automakers (for example, Mitsubishi) offer hybrid valve designs where in normal operation they act as a bypass, but under severe overpressure they can bleed air into the atmosphere as a blow-off.
Classic bypass valve
Blow-off valve
Hybrid bypass version
How to get a PayPass card
The procedure for obtaining a MasterCard with a contactless chip is established by each bank in accordance with current legislation and security policy.
There are free ones, there are those that require a subscription fee for services, personalized, platinum, gold, instant, etc. Each has its own rules. Typically, the procedure for receiving a payment instrument is as follows:
- Selecting a bank according to reviews and current tariffs.
- Contact the bank directly or submit an application online.
- Concluding an agreement with the issuer for account servicing.
- Receiving a means of payment.
Note! Contactless payment cards are issued only to adults.
The issuance period may vary for each card. Many banks offer Momentum cards; they are issued immediately. Personalized, gold, platinum and special. series - a week later. The bank may also charge a fee for issuing the payment instrument itself.
Program for paying by phone on Android
Bypass valve malfunctions
Among the main problems in the bypass operation are the following malfunctions:
Crack in the bypass rubber diaphragm
- Loss of tightness
. Occurs as a result of cracks in the rubber diaphragm, seals or central part of the valve. Most often this occurs as a result of natural wear and tear or poor quality materials. - Stuck in one position
. Most often this happens with cheap, low-quality valves. Poor processing and fitting of moving parts leads to jamming. - Loss of control
. Occurs due to loss of tightness of the vacuum line on the intake manifold hoses through which air escapes. This happens due to physical wear and tear. - Incorrect installation
. A rare but possible occurrence where a car owner could install the valve in the opposite direction. - Body wear
. Possible in valve versions for tuning cars, where the rubber diaphragm is replaced with a metal plate or an additional plastic element is present in the design.
The main sign of bypass failure is a loss of turbocharger operating dynamics, when the “turbine” does not pick up because the air is not pumped, but goes back into the intake manifold.
Some tips for use
The card works the same as a regular debit or credit card, so it is enough to follow simple operating rules:
- Protect from direct ultraviolet rays and high humidity, mechanical deformation.
- Do not disclose PIN code information to third parties.
- Do not transfer the card to third parties, and if lost, immediately block it, because purchases up to 1000 rubles are made without a PIN code, which means the fraudster who stole the card will be able to make several payments using it.
In the Russian Federation, the contactless payment system continues to gain popularity among the population. Large retail chains have already installed paypass payment terminals, so you don’t have to go looking for stores with modern devices.
about the author
Evgeniy Nikitin Higher education majoring in Journalism at Lobachevsky University. For more than 4 years he worked with individuals at NBD Bank and Volga-Credit. Has experience working in newspapers and television in Nizhny Novgorod. She is an analyst of banking products and services. Professional journalist and copywriter in the financial environment [email protected]
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Examination
There are several methods to check the tightness of the bypass. All of them are used on the valve removed from the car. Without dismantling, only computer diagnostics by service station specialists can indicate possible valve malfunctions.
First method
- connect the vacuum tube to the thinnest outlet and create a vacuum of air, you can just use your mouth. Look inside the valve - inside you will see how the piston moves and a gap opens for air to pass through. If this does not happen, the valve is damaged. You can also blow into the same outlet - it should not be blown through. If it is blowing, it needs to be changed.
Likewise, the side fitting, which is located perpendicular to the thinnest outlet, should not be blown. Although here, for a correct check, you need to apply strong pressure equal to the pressure pumped by the turbine, which is not always possible at home. Also, air tightness must be maintained on the side of the outlet fitting, which is located opposite the thinnest one.
The process of checking the bypass using the first method
Second method
- press the spring with your finger, which pushes the diaphragm. Then firmly clamp the thinnest outlet through which the air vacuum is created. Remove your finger from the spring - in a working bypass it will not expand, because a vacuum has been created in the valve, which holds it. If the spring still expands, there is no tightness in the valve or its membrane and it is no longer working. In a working bypass, the spring will snap into place with a characteristic click only after you remove your finger from the thinnest outlet, thus resuming the air flow.
Third method
Only suitable for solenoid controlled valves. To do this you will need a VAG-COM diagnostic adapter. By running the test of the corresponding performers (4th), voltage will be applied to the sensor and it will click, which is noticeable by ear. All test results can be supplemented by measuring turbine pressure.
How to cancel the service
There are situations when a client decides to stop using the Paypass service. In this case, there is a need for a correct procedure for disabling the functionality. A specialist from a banking institution will advise you correctly on how to disable the service.
When it is not possible to visit the company’s office in person, you can disable the service through your personal account. Some banks also provide customer service by telephone. To do this, you need to call the bank’s hotline, following further instructions from a specialist to confirm your intention.
The Paypass system has more pros than cons
Maintenance, selection and replacement
Bypass valves are not serviceable parts and have no scheduled inspection or replacement intervals. They operate until damaged and/or fail, and then must be replaced. Also, when carrying out tuning, it is not recommended to change the classic bypass to a blow-off, because your engine will overflow. Engine operation will be disrupted, since the air bleed into the atmosphere is already taken into account by the mass air flow sensor and the fuel supply is regulated based on this data. So you shouldn’t change the spring stiffness or install analogues instead of the original, they are not always configured effectively.
How PayPass works
The next, no less exciting question: how does PayPass work? It’s not for nothing that cards that contain this technology have a special marker in the form of a wi-fi icon rotated 90 degrees. Additionally, you can see the word “pass pay” itself.
NFC does not work in Android phone: does not respond to the terminal
The operation of the payment system was made possible thanks to two components - the contactless NFC chip and the ISO/IEC 14443 data transfer protocol. The wireless module is represented by the same chip built into the body of the card. Using a magnetic field, the terminal “finds” and interacts with the payment instrument.
Transferring details via NFC was not chosen by chance. The peculiarity of the technology, although it is low download speed, is fast connection. And the card data itself “weighs” a couple of kilobytes, so communication and transaction take place in a matter of seconds.
